The Churches of Rome in the Middle Ages (1050-1300). Liturgical Furnishing and Architecture (Corpus Cosmatorum II)
 

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S. Maria in Trastevere originated as an aisled basilica erected by Pope Julius I (337-352) on the intramural via Aurelia, adjoining an object or building associated with Pope Calixtus I (217-222). Known as the titulus sancti Iulii et Calisti, it was dedicated to Mary in the sixth century. By the eighth century it was the home of a miraculous icon, the Madonna della Clemenza. Pope Gregory IV (827-844) added a monastery and a praesepium in imitation of the one in S. Maria Maggiore. Abbot Anastasius Bibliothecarius (858 ff.) identified the church as the site of the ancient fons olei. Following a reform of the monastery, the church was dedicated by Pope Alexander II in May 1065. A doorframe carved with inhabited vine scrolls (now at the end of the right aisle) may have been made at that time. In 1130 the basilica’s titular cardinal, Peter Pierleoni, was elected pope (as Anacletus II) simultaneously with Cardinal Gregory of Sant’Angelo (Innocent II), creating a schism. After Anacletus died in 1138, Innocent II condemned his every act and had his altars destroyed. In 1140 he razed the antipope’s title church and replaced it with a grander basilica on the same foundations, which was not quite complete when he died in 1143. It was consecrated by Pope Innocent III in 1215. Innocent II’s church is a large non projecting transept basilica (L 53 m X W 26.3 m) with two aisles, a bell tower, and (originally) a trabeated porch. It is notable for the extravagant display of ancient spolia around its portals and in the colonnades. The apse conch mosaic, the altar and ciborium, paving in the transept, and four Ionic capitals in the nave colonnades date to the 1140s. The nave pavement and the schola cantorum may have been made between ca. 1150 and ca. 1225, and the cathedra is datable to the 1240s/1250s. The façade mosaic was executed in phases between ca. 1250 and ca. 1300, and the mosaics under the conch were made by Pietro Cavallini just before 1300. Renovations sponsored by Cardinal Altemps (1580-1595), Cardinal Aldobrandini (1612-1620), and Pope Pius IX (1864-1873) obliterated the original fenestration, the wooden truss roofs, and the pavements of the nave and aisles. The porch was demolished and rebuilt by Carlo Fontana in 1701.

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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, piazza and façade (photo Kinney 2009, ed. Hoesli)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, plan of excavation 1865–1869, V. Vespignani, Rome, Archivio Storico Diocesano (photo Senekovic 2018)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan of Basilica Iulii, reconstruction Cooperativa Archeologia (after Coccia et al. 2012)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan of Basilica Iulii with presepe chapel (after Einaudi, L’arredo liturgico, 2000)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, Madonna della Clemenza, after cleaning in 1953 (photo ICCD)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, reconstruction of the apse and chancel of Pope Gregory IV (after Einaudi, L’arredo liturgico 2000)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, chancel screens with flowering acanthus and scrolled top (photo Einaudi 2009)
© Bull-Simonsen Einaudi, Karin
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Notice of the dedication of S. Maria in Trastevere in 1065 (continued). London, British Library, Add. MS 14801, fol. 20r (photo © The British Library Board)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, apse mosaic, Pope Innocent II offering the basilica (photo Darby 2023)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, cinerary chest with heads of Jupiter Ammon, 1st century (photo Kinney 2023)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, cinerary chest with heads of Jupiter Ammon, rear side with 14th-century inscription (photo Kinney 2023)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, portrait of Bertoldo Stefaneschi, Pietro Cavallini, ca. 1295–1300 (photo Kinney 2017)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, view of façade, Girolamo Franzini, 1588 (photo BHR)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan, Orazio Torriani, ca. 1618. Rome, Archivio Storico Diocesano (photo Senekovic 2018)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, interior view to west, Antonio Sarti, 1825 (Istituzione Biblioteche Centri Culturali di Roma – Biblioteca A. Sarti)
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Tomasz Treter, Theatrum virtutum Stanislai Hosii cardinalis, Rome 1588. Kraków, National Museum, the Princes Czartoryski Museum, Rkps 2921 IV, p. 171 (Photo Laboratory stock National Museum Kraków)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, transept from Janiculum Hill (photo Mathews ca. 1970)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, façade with design for canons’ residence, anonymous (Sebastiano Giannini?), ca. 1659–1663. Rome, Archivio Storico Diocesano (photo Senekovic 2018)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, view of piazza and façade, G. B. Falda, 1665 (photo BHR Fotothek)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, façade ca. 1855 (photo ICCD)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan of chapels adjoining the north aisle, Giacomo Onorato Recalcati, 1709. Rome, Archivio Storico Diocesano (photo Senekovic 2018)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, elevation of façade of the Oratorio di Maria Santissima Addolorata with reconstruction of its medieval portal (diagram: A. Zuccari)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan with the Oratorio di Maria Santissima Addolorata (in: Zuccari 2014)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, interior view to west (photo Ignazio Cugnoni, ca. 1875, ICCD)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, interior view to west, P. Letarouilly (in: Les édifices III 1857, pl. 327, detail)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, façade ca. 1875, anonymous albumen print (Photo Kinney Archive)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, porch (photo Kinney 1983)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, campanile interior, first register of north side, masonry with stilatura (photo Kinney 1981)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north aisle wall and juncture with transept (photo Kinney 2009)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, campanile, west side (photo Kinney 2009)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, campanile, first register of east face, cornice (photo Kinney 1983)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, apse wall and cornice (photo Kinney 2009)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, apse wall, cornice and remains of painting (photo Klein 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, exterior view of apse (photo Kinney 2010)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, juncture of cavetto and end wall of south aisle (photo Kinney 1981)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, juncture of cavetto and campanile (photo Kinney 1972)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, juncture of campanile and north nave wall (photo Kinney 1972)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, juncture of transept and south nave wall (photo Kinney 1972)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, juncture of south nave trabeation and impost of triumphal arch (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, elevation of north side with partial section through aisle (Fulloni 1985/2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, exterior of apse, central window (photo Kinney 2009)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north wall of transept, windows and niche (photo Kinney 1998)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, south wall of transept, windows and niche (photo Kinney 1972)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, view of north nave wall from east (photo Kinney 1972)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, arch of original nave window, north wall adjoining transept (photo Kinney 1972)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, arch of original nave window and aura of a second window, north wall (photo Kinney 1972)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, aisle window over chapel of the Presepio (photo Kinney 1972)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north transept façade, aedicula (photo Kinney 1988)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north transept façade, aedicula, detail, bases (photo Kinney 2017)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north transept façade, aedicula, detail, capitals and pediment (photo Kinney 2017)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, central portal (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, central portal, north jamb (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, frame of central portal, upper south corner (photo Kinney 2023)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north lateral portal, south jamb (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, south lateral portal, north jamb (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north lateral portal, north jamb rotated (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north lateral portal, south jamb rotated (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north transept façade (photo Mathews ca. 1970)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north transept door and canopy (photo Kinney 2009)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north transept door, lintel and wreathed head (photo Kinney 1998)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north transept door, soffit of canopy (photo Kinney 2017)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north transept portal, wreathed head (photo Darby 2023)
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Lanuvio, S. Maria Maggiore, Cosmati decorations in Seratrice collection (photo F. Frediani 1909)
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Rome, S. Pudenziana, doorframe reused on prothyron, detail (photo Kinney 2023)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north aisle portal, photomontage (photo Senekovich 2018)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north aisle portal, west jamb (photo Klein 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north aisle portal, fragment of east jamb now in sacristy corridor (photo Klein 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north aisle portal, west jamb, detail (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north aisle portal, east jamb, detail (photo Kinney 2015)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north aisle portal, west jamb, detail (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north aisle portal, east end of lintel (photo Bertelli ca. 1975)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north aisle portal, center of lintel (photo Bertelli ca. 1975)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north aisle portal, west end of lintel (photo Bertelli ca. 1975)
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Salerno, Cathedral, main portal, south jamb, detail (photo Kinney 2015)
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Grottaferrata, Abbey Church, main portal, south jamb, detail (photo Pace 2006)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, view of piazza and façade, 1660s. London, British Library, maps 6, tab. 3, fol. 37 (photo London, British Library)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, campanile, east side (photo Kinney 1998)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, sections through campanile, ca 1713. Rome, ACSMT (photo Senekovic 2018)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, transverse section through campanile and baptistery (Fulloni 1985/2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan of base of campanile (Fulloni detail of fig. 440)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, north colonnade, capital N1, from west (photo Kinney 2023)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, campanile, north and west sides (photo Kinney 1998)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, campanile, south side, third and fourth cornices (photo Kinney 1983)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, campanile, east side, fourth story (photo Kinney 1985)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, campanile, aedicula from south (photo Kinney 1983)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan (Fulloni 1985/2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan of twelfth-century basilica (reconstruction Cottier 2018)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan, anonymous, ca. 1510/20 (Roma, Istituto centrale per la grafica, per gentile concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan of transept (Fulloni; detail of fig. 440)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan, P. Letarouilly, detail (in: Les édifices III 1857, pl. 327, detail)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, watercolor view into transept with adoration of the fons olei, watercolor, Aniello D’Aloisio, before 1855 (in: Dipinti antichi e del XIX secolo 2013)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, sacristy vestibule, ornamental titulus of the fons olei, ca. 1680 (photo Kinney 2015)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan of chapels adjoining the north aisle, detail of fig. 370 (photo Kinney 2009)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, south colonnade, capital on pier of triumphal arch, south and east faces (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital S2, nave side (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital N2, nave side (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital S10, bolster (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital S10, aisle side (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, second-century Corinthian capital S9, south colonnade (photo Gustafson 2022)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, column N8, base (photo Kinney 1979)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, columns N7–N6 (photo Kinney 2009)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital S4 (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, base S6 (photo Kinney 1979)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, base N6 (photo Kinney 1979)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital S6 (photo DAI)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital N6 (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital N6, aisle side (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital N6, detail (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital N8, detail (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan showing liturgical pauses (Damiani 2008)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, modillions over columns N8–N7 (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, modillions in cornice, south colonnade (photo Kinney 1988)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, modillions in cornice, east wall (photo Kinney 1988)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, diagram showing cuts of ancient cornices for reuse (Damiani 2008)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, northeast corner of nave, door over entablature (photo Kinney 1988)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, longitudinal section through apse, transept, nave, and porch (Fulloni 1985/2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, space over nave ceiling, medieval bracket (photo Priester ca. 1989)
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Rome, S. Crisogono, truss roof (Petretto 2005)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, reconstruction of medieval interior, J.G. Gutensohn, 1826 (in: Bunsen, Die Basiliken des christlichen Roms 1843)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, transverse section through nave and aisles (M. Fulloni 1985/2016)
© Fulloni, Marzio
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, column base under triumphal arch, north side (photo Kinney ca. 1980)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital and impost under triumphal arch, south side (photo DAI)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital and impost under triumphal arch, north side (photo DAI)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, capital and impost under triumphal arch, north side (photo Kinney 1988)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, impost of north triumphal arch column from west (photo Kinney 1979)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, juncture of transept and south aisle from west (photo Kinney 1979)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, first-century Corinthian capital under arch at end of south aisle, south side (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, third-century Corinthian capital under arch at end of north aisle, south side (photo Kinney 2016)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, column base at end of south aisle (photo Kinney 1979)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, column base at end of north aisle (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, apse wall, cornice below twelfth-century mosaic (photo Kinney 2017)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, interior view to west (photo Kinney 2009)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ciborium and altar (photo Zuccari)
© Zuccari, Alessandro
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, southeast ciborium column base (photo Kinney 2016)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, southwest ciborium capital (photo Kinney 2016)
© Kinney, Dale
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Tomasz Treter, Theatrum virtutum ac meritorum D. Stanislai Hosii. Library of the Zamość Academy, Warsaw, p. 99v (photo National Library of Poland, Polona.pl)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, altar from east (photo Zuccari)
© Zuccari, Alessandro
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, altar from southeast (photo Zuccari)
© Zuccari, Alessandro
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, porch, DIGNA LICET inscription (photo Kinney 2017)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, confessio (photo Kinney 1972)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, projections on north side of confessio (photo Kinney 2015)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, cathedra, juncture of south armrest and seat (photo Kinney 2015)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, cathedra, top of south armrest (photo Claussen)
© Claussen, Peter Cornelius
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, cathedra, south armrest, detail (photo Kinney 1972)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, cathedra, north armrest, detail (photo Kinney 1972)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, cathedra, north armrest, detail (photo Kinney 1972)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, cathedra, south armrest from east, detail (photo Kinney 2015)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, ground plan of excavation 1865–1869, V. Vespignani, detail of fig. 347
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, schola cantorum and ciborium, reconstruction (Cottier 2018)
© Cottier, Caroline
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, transenna with drinking peacocks, 827–844, 1.89 m long (photo Darby 2023)
© Darby, Mark
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, transenna with interlocked circles and rosettes, 827–844, 1.71 m long (photo Darby 2023)
© Darby, Mark
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, transenna, tree with cross scrolls, 827–844, 1.29 m long (photo Darby 2023)
© Darby, Mark
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, paschal candlestand (photo Kinney 2017)
© Kinney, Dale
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, paschal candlestand, capital (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, paschal candlestand, detail (photo Kinney 2017)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, plan of excavation 1865–1869, V. Vespignani, detail of fig. 347
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, interior view to west, Antonio Sarti, 1825, preliminary drawing for fig. 362 (photo Istituzione Biblioteche Centri Culturali di Roma – Biblioteca A. Sarti)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, plan of pavement in south aisle and southeast corner of nave, P. Letarouilly (in: Les édifices III 1857, pl. 327, detail)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, roundel in pavement, G. Lucchesi (photo Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, roundel in pavement, G. Lucchesi (photo © BAV)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, view of south aisle, L. Rossini, 1843 (photo Kinney archive)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, pavement labyrinth, drawing, Mistress Cautley (in: Durand, Pavés-mosaïques 1857, opp. p. 119, detail)
© Durand, Jean
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, Avila chapel, east section of pavement (photo Kinney 2023)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, Avila chapel, north section of pavement (photo Kinney 2023)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, pavement in front of confessio (photo Claussen 2015)
© Claussen, Peter Cornelius
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, square quincunx behind altar (photo Kinney 2015)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, pavement between quincunx and cathedra (photo Claussen 2015)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, pavement of landing north of confessio (photo Kinney 2023)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, apse mosaic, detail (photo Kinney 2014)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, façade mosaic, detail, south side (photo Pace 2012)
© Pace, Valentino
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, façade mosaic, detail, center (photo Pace 2012)
© Pace, Valentino
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, façade mosaic, detail, north side (photo Pace 2012)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, façade mosaic, south kneeling donor (photo Kinney 1985)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, façade mosaic, north kneeling donor (photo Kinney 1985)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, façade mosaic, phases of execution and restorations (in: Cantone 1992)
© Cantone, R.
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Mount Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine, icon of Virgin Panakranta with Angels (photo Michigan-Princeton-Alexandria Expeditions to Mt. Sinai)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, façade mosaic, detail, body of the Virgin (photo Kinney 1985)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, apse, donor portait of Bertoldo Stefaneschi, detail showing plaster in lower border (photo Gardner).
© Gardner, Julian
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, porch, lion sarcophagus against south wall (photo Kinney 2016)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, porch, ambry in south wall (photo Kinney 2009)
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Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere, porch, “cappella” of Romanus Papareschi (photo Kinney 2023)
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Number in map
70
Church name
S. Maria in Trastevere
Existing
Coordinates
41.88946, 12.46954
Address
Piazza di Santa Maria in Trastevere
Rione
Trastevere (XIII)
Nolli's map #
1165
Chronology
4th century, 9th century, 11th century, 12th century, 13th century
Keywords
Pope Callixtus I, Pope Julius I, Pope Gregory IV, Pope Alexander II, Pope Callixtus II, Pope Innocent II, Pietro Pierleoni (Antipope Anacletus II), Pope Innocent III, Pope Nicholas III, Pope Pius IX, Saint Calepodius, Bishop Conrad of Suburra, Cardinal Guido de Papa, Cardinal Stefano dei Conti, Cardinal Philip of Alençon, Cardinal Stefano Nardini, Cardinal Rinaldo Brancaccio, Cardinal Markus Sitticus Altemps, Bertoldo Stefaneschi, Giacomo Gaetano Stefaneschi, Pietro Cavallini, Romano Papareschi, Taddeo di Bartolo, Martino Longhi the Elder, Onorio Longhi, Carlo Fontana, Filippo Raguzzini, marmorarii, oil spring, veteran’s tavern, Temple of the Ravennates, nativity scene, acheiropoietos, Madonna of Clemency, Nursing Virgin, wise virgins and foolish virgins, fanon, ciborium, schola cantorum, cathedra, Paschal candlestick, tabernacle, labyrinth, bell tower, pointing, spolia, Baths of Caracalla
Research status
Completed
Published in

Corpus Cosmatorum II, volume 5

Authors
Kinney, Dale
Download chapter
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