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The Aventine church of S. Maria del Priorato, famous especially for the work of Piranesi that gave it its present appearance, is originally a Roman stronghold of the Cluniac reform. The church, situated within the monastery of S. Maria in Aventino, is located in an urban quadrant that seems peripheral but in reality was favoured for noble residences. Its very origin dates to the concession of Prince Alberico’s ancestral home to found a monastery dedicated to St. Mary. The church houses a reliquary altar that has prompted numerous questions and even more numerous proposals for dating due to its unusual iconography. Seventeenth-century sources and some scant material evidence suggest that the monastic complex, once it became the Roman seat of the Templars, was radically renovated, updating its architecture to the 'modern' canons of the time. To the Templar phase are attributed a lost painted calendar that is known through descriptions and copies, and a wellhead bearing the date 1244, now in the garden. New needs for representation on the part of the Templars could also explain the addition of a loggia on the more prominent side of the church.